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One Stop for Colleges Education Cargoner ? ? Covers complete IITJEE/AIEEE syllabus ? ? ? Chemistry, Maths and Physics Sections ? Its Free ? Lessons, tests by IIT/NIT toppers 1000+ Questions and Sample tests Last molybdenum preparation and help Minglebox Engineering Prep Free Online Preparation for Engineering with Minglebox Engineering Prep. Cover basic concepts of under Section for Engineering Entrance examination Preparation with Study material, solved examples and tests prep ard by IIT/NIT toppers. 1 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. om Communication systems Electronic communication refers to the faithful transfer of informationor meaning (available in the form of electrical voltage and current)from one point to another point. Transmitter, transmission channel and receiver ar three basic unitsof a communication system. 2 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Transducer Any device that converts one form ofenergy into another can be termed as a transducer. Signal Informa tion converted in electrical form and suitable for transmission is called a subscribe.Signals can be either analog or digital. Noise Noise refers to the unwanted symptoms that tend to jumble the transmission and moveing of put across signals in a communication system. Transmitter A transmitter marches the incoming mental object signal so as to induce it suitable for transmis sion through a channel and subsequent reception. Receiver A receiver extracts the desired message signals from the received signals at the channel output. Attenuation The button of strength of a signal while propagating through a medium is known as attenua tion.Amplification It is the process of increasing the amplitude (and consequently the strength) of a signal using an electronic circuit called the amplifier. 3 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Range It is the largest distance between a source and a destination up to which the signal is received with sufficient strength. Bandwidth Bandwidth r efers to the frequency range over which an equipment operates or the portion of the spectrum occupied by the signal.Modulator At the transmitter, information contained in the low frequency message signal is superimposed on a high frequency expand, which acts as a carrier of the information. This process is known as modulation. As will be explained later, there are several types of modulation, abbreviated as AM, FM and PM. Demodulation The process of retrieval of information from the carrier wave at the receiver is termed demodulation. This is the reverse process of modulation. Repeater A repeater is a combination of a receiver and a transmitter.A repeater, picks up the signal from the transmitter, amplifies and retransmits it to the receiver sometimes with a change in carrier frequency. 4 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Two important forms of communication system are Analog and Digital. The information to be transmitted is generally in continuous waveform for the former w hile for the latter it has only discrete or quantised levels. Every message signal occupies a range of frequencies. The bandwidth of a message signal refers to the band of frequencies, which are necessary for satisfactory transmission of the infor mation contained in the signal.Similarly, any practical communication system permits transmission of a range of frequencies only, which is referred to as the bandwidth of the system. Low frequencies cannot be transmitted to farsighted distances. Therefore, they are superimposed on a high frequency carrier signal by a process known as modulation. In modulation, some characteristic of the carrier signal like amplitude, frequency or phase varies in accordance with the modulating or message signal. Correspondingly , they are called Amplitude Modulated (AM), Frequency Modulated (FM) or Phase Modulated (PM) waves. 5Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Pulse modulation could be separate as Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM), Pulse Duration Mo dulation (PDM) or Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). For transmission over long distances, signals are radiated into spaceusing devices called feelers. The radiated signals propagate aselectromagnetic waves and the mode of propagation is influenced bythe presence of the earth and its atmosphere. Near the surface of theearth, electromagnetic waves propagate as surface waves. Surface wavepropagation is useful up to a few MHz frequencies.Long distance communication between two points on the earth isachieved through reflection of e lectromagnetic waves by ionosphere. Such waves are called sky waves. Sky wave propagation takes place upto frequency of about 30 MHz. Above this frequency, electromagneticwaves essentially propagate as space waves. Space waves are used forline-of-sight communication and satellite communication. 6 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com If an antenna radiates electromagnetic waves from a height hT, thenthe range dT is given by v2RhT whereR is the radius of the earth.Amplitude spiel signal contains frequencies (? c ? m ), ? c and (? c +? m) Amplitude modulated waves can be produced by application of the message signal and the carrier wave to a non linear device, followed by a band pass filter. AM detection, which is the process of recovering the modulating signal from an AM waveform, is carried out using a rectifier and an gasbag detector. 7 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Sample Examples A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak voltageof 10 volts is used to modulate a carrier of frequency 1 MHz and peakvoltage of 20 volts.Determine (a) modulation index, (b) the side bandsproduced. Solution (a) Modulation index =10/20 = 0. 5 (b) The side bands are at (1000+10 kHz)=1010 kHz and(1000 10 kHz) = 990 kHz. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height32 m and the height of the receiving antenna is 50 m. What is themaximum distance between them for satisfactory communication inLOS mode ? Given radius of earth 6. 4 ? 106 m. Solution = v2 *64*105*32 + v2 *64*105*50 = 64 ? 102 ? v10 + 8 ? 103 ? v10 m =144 ? 102 ? 10 m = 45. 5 km 8 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com