Critique of Needless Hunger Essay

‘Needless Hunger’ is a must-read book for every citizen of the developed world for the ample reason that it shows how hard and despairing the life in many places on Earth is. Even more mid-boggling is the fact that the horrible situation prevailing in Bangladesh could have been easily avoided by means of better governance and more equitable distribution of natural resources. Unfortunately, Bangladesh is not a unique case: similar conditions exist in many countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America. Therefore, it’s very important to understand the reasons for poverty and huger existing in places like that before taking any appropriate action. The main thesis the author puts forward concerns the fact that hunger in Bangladesh cannot be attributed to natural shortage of food. The country is situated in favorable climatic zone on the delta of Ganges and Brahmaputra, which provides for probably the most fertile land in the world. The book talks about huge rice fields, squash vines, plenty of water, rich soil; Bangladesh is compared to a natural greenhouse. One cannot help but wonder why some regions in the world, e. g. Scandinavia, prosper without having virtually any natural or climatic resources to build upon, whilst whole continents are unable to make use of all the natural wealth they posses. The investigation of the reasons for extreme poverty and hunger starts with an excursus into the history of Bangladesh and British colonial legacy. It’s told through the story of Bengali weavers, who suffered the most during the colonial rule. When British came to Bangladesh, the country could boast one of the best cotton industries in the world. It was a thriving country with its own system of production and social organization. However, the colony posed serious danger to British cotton industry, which was at the stage of infancy at those times. Slowing down the pace of Bengali development was in the best interest of the colonialists. When trying to do so, they were not quite fastidious about the means, resorting to blackmail, expropriation and even unlawful imprisonment. Since that, Bangladeshis have been trapped into the vicious circle of deprivation, despair, and exploitation. British rule established the colonial pattern of oppression in the country. When the land got its independence, new elites emerged to take advantage of situation poor and powerless peasants faced. Although many farmers obtained the right to land ownership, the portion of land they actually owned and worked wasn’t sufficient to feed their families. In these circumstances, they had to go to a richer landlord to borrow some money to keep going till the next harvest. When harvest time comes, the landlord takes away the ‘interest rate’, which sometimes exceeds the sum of the arrearage. Eventually, peasants find themselves in the position when their land is entirely taken away by the landlord. One can wonder how such anarchy and illegality can exist in a country with a legitimate and seemingly functional government. It turns out that local village elites have strong ties with political elite through bribes or joint business interests. In plain English, the representatives of local and regional elites simply bribe the officials and have their hands untied. International development aid doesn’t help much. Larger portion of the money goes to the pockets of the aforementioned governmental officials and representatives of the ruling elites. Most Bangladeshis are barely aware that massive foreign aid is channeled into their country. The concepts of statesmanship and public policy are unknown in Bangladesh: all the officials and local lords care only about their profit and feeble position under the regime with doubtful longevity prospects. Perhaps the most important thing about ‘Needless Hunger’ is that the book changes our perceptions about the developing world. Here in the West we are used to blaming poor regions for their own misery, and in addition to that, our insecurity. The book implicitly calls for reinventing our approach to helping poor countries. While the conventional forms of development aid aren’t truly helpful, there are some brand new initiatives to help the needy, which are worth following – beyond the reasonable doubt. For instance, the UN-affiliated Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor, chaired by Madeleine Albright and Hernando de Soto, was created specifically to address the problem poor peasants face in Bangladesh, namely not having or being unable to exercise the majority of their legal rights, property rights in particular. Noting with regret that the book came out of print almost three decades ago, it’s only recently that the appropriate actions are being initiated in order to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. References Hartmann, B. & Boyce, J. (1979). Needless Hunger. San Francisco: Food First.

Apple Inc. and the Macro Environment Essay

Economic Environment: More or less, every economic factor has an effect on the operations of Apple Inc. These may include; current economic situation (boom, recession, etc.), credit terms, inflation or deflation, strictness of interest rates, unemployment levels, stability of exchange rates, stock exchange trend, etc. Apple’s business can be affected by all these factors either positively or negatively. For example, during the inflation periods in the United States of America, the purchasing power of the people had decreased and as a result of this, the sales of Apple’s products had decreased with it. To make matters worse, The US dollar had also decreased in value, and so, Apple decided to purchase itself foreign currency to minimize the effect of inflation. This will allow for their revenue from international markets to increase. Socio-Cultural Environment: Social factors such as consumer preferences, life priorities, income groups, and perceptions about different brands have a huge impact on the sales of Apple’s products. People all over the world are well aware of its brand image. The social environment has a huge positive impact on Apple for their products are seen as an image for today’s modern individual’s life. People see it as highly reliable and innovative, however they are also seen as highly expensive and the software very limited for people who wish to use their iPhones for more than just phone calls and emails. This regrettably influences people to seek a competitor’s products for a lower price or with more features. Technological Environment: Apple currently has the spotlight as the market leader in innovation. However, what Apple fails to realize is that technology can become outdated  quite quickly (sometimes over-night) and yet Apple casually cruises through the years releasing new models of products with very little hardware or software changes compared to the previous models. Their refusal to continuously bring innovative products will result in other market leaders stealing their throne. For example, Google’s Open Source Operating System, Android, has resulted in the migration of many Apple users to Android smartphones due to the reduced costs and in some cases such as with the Sony Xperia or the HTC One, their hardware specifications far exceeded that of the latest iPhone model. Political & Legal Environment: Apple has to duly adhere to all the rules and regulations for each company that they do business with such as tranquil rules and regulations, tax rates, tariffs. Etc. If they do not keep an eye on the changing government behaviors and patterns, it may be rather difficult for Apple with regards to marketing and the selling of their products and in severe cases, their products may be banned altogether. Apple also has to ensure that there is no copyright infringement in their products, or that of competitors. There have been many cases where Apple and Samsung confront each other in a legal battle over copyrighted material/ideas/names such as the rounded launch buttons in Apple’s home screen. Physical Environment: Apple is always finding ways to reduce their carbon footprint and as a result, they have a positive reputation with regards to their care for the environment. Apple has very few disagreements with environmentalists because the manufacturing process of their products usually follows all of the laws and regulations regarding the environment. Furthermore, Apple also encourages its users to dispose of harmful products such as used batteries  and fluorescent backlighting systems properly at their nearest iStore. Apple’s packaging is usually made of either plastic or glass, which is easily recycled and only a few products are distributed in cardboard boxes. Apple’s data centers are also 100% powered by renewable resources! International Environment: Globalization describes the mobility of goods, services, labour, technology and capital throughout the world. Apple has increased dramatically as an international business and have harnessed globalization and used it to their advantage. For example, by using their most famous piece of Apple software, iTunes. A large variety of songs are available on iTunes and because the business has offered this on the Internet and as software has increased their sales internationally as it has become accessible internationally. The products that Apple provides are sold internationally. Stores exist all over the world, allowing the business to become an international company. Not only does the use of stores help Apple to become an international company but the use of the Internet also allows this to occur. However, by going international with their products, they have also broadened their spectrum for competition. Not every country is as passionate about Apple’s products as America is and this as a result, could have a negative effect on their sales. However due to their strong brand image and good reputation, many people around the world seek the glorious Apple Logo for their brilliant, bright, innovative products.

Annie Dillard “The Chase” Essay

In Annie Dillard’s autobiography â€Å"The Chase†, she emphasizes and uses great detail in her different writing techniques to make the scenes in the story feel more alive or realistic. The attention of detail can be seen with her intense use of transitions and active descriptions in the actual chase scene. Dillard also uses tone and language of the characters to make the story feel more like actual real time events. In the first paragraph of â€Å"The Chase†, the narrator of the story a seven year old girl is informing the audience about the game of football. She says â€Å"It was all or nothing† (Dillard 121). Basically stating that in football you have got to give all of your effort and not hesitate at all if you want to make the tackle and stop the offense. This do or die attitude is reflected later in the story during the chase scene. It is also the climax of the story. Being that a bunch of kids are together unsupervised, there is going to be some trouble. That is exactly what happens next. The children are all gathered during a winter snowy day making snowballs next to a street throwing them at passing cars. â€Å"Its wide black door opened; a man got out of it running. He didn’t even close the car door.† This kind of unexpected thrill we can all relate to. Dillard adds even more by putting in the little details that make the reader feel the anger of this man and the feeling of we’re caught by the children that we have all felt as a kid is described in that same quote. By using these details in the story the reader can put themselves into the shoes of the characters. Dillard uses lots of active descriptions that are very real throughout the chase scene. She uses actual street names like Edgerton Avenue, Lloyd Street, Willard and Lang. This use of actual real names of streets makes the story. The reader can almost get lost in the chase itself with Dillard’s use of rapid transitions like up, around, under, through, down some, across, smashed. After the chase is over and the children are caught the reader feels tired.

Communication strategy using technology Assignment

Communication strategy using technology - Assignment Example Sispes is a web based program which keeps communication processes and knowledge management according to a personalized workflow management system. This system can only be improved or modified by a few licensed practical nurses, physiotherapists, doctors and administrative officers. These few people only have the access to the information about the services available to every particular guest. The residence for elderly is not an exception is not an exception in such a case. They have got a role in the inter-organizational networks like the industrial districts and knowledge networks (Hamel and Prahalad, 1990). They have opened their virtual value chain to other companies, and are outsourcing their non-principal services, and ultimately have specialized their key tasks that are nursing, restaurant services, medical and physiotherapeutic. And hence they have to organize various units and few of them are units of the firm and some units are of other companies. Sispes directs almost all of the data flow between administrative, sanitary, entertainment and socio-assistance sections. It is designed by an Enterprise Knowledge Portal which allows the exceptional access point to collective information. Data can only be acquired through authentic procedure. It also allows workers to manage group policies, share documents, convey messages and start forums. Lastly it allows a complicated system of document management and workflow allowing the users to attach and reclaim data from the firm archives. Sispes is concentrated on the residence’s guests and manages all the data by each unit according to the guest’s needs and not according to the matter of interest of that particular unit. Hence all of the units help in the management of the guest’s information according to some preset channels of communication. The user acquires the data through the authentic process and observes the relevant

Please answer the following questions Assignment

Please answer the following questions - Assignment Example Functional structure classifies the people with the function they perform. Divisional structure- These are structures which based upon various divisions within organizations. This is further divided into; product structure which is based on the organizational of the staff and a duty which is based on different products the company produces. Market structure which classifies the employees according to the market the company deals in. Geographical structure which is applicable to organizations working in different places (Schein 59). Other kinds of structures include; bureaucratic structures, pre bureaucratic structures, network structure and team structure. Bureaucratic structures are advantages in organizations with complex managements. Pre bureaucratic is suitable when administration is centralized. While network structure help maintain coordinates. b) What is organizational culture-These are the behaviors and the values that explain the social uniqueness and the organizational psychological environment. It is therefore the summation of organizations preset and past experiences and philosophy hat defines and hold the organization together. It is rooted on the customs, beliefs, attitudes and norms. It is manifested through the strength of the staff, flow of power and information, autonomy and freedom in the organization and the ways business is conducted in the organization. The organization culture is regarded either strong or weak. This is depends on how it spreads within the organization. Culture affects organizations productivity and the quality. It also influences marketing and advertising strategies. In India the major drivers are power distance; people are not equal in the society 77. Individualism; this explains the degree of interdependence maintained among members is rated at 48 Masculinity/Feminist indicating success n competition 56. Uncertainty and avoidance and the long term orientation which involves dealing

Health insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health insurance - Essay Example 2) 'Impossibility Doctrine' is a reason for not performing the duties due to some circumstantial changes in the situation, where the subject matter of the contract has been destroyed without either party's fault making it impossible to be performed making the contract illegal (Beale, Bishop and Furmston, 2007:p.463) The impossibility doctrine does not apply in this case as the employer had the option of removing the bargaining unit employees from the insurance under Select Blue Plan as argued by the union. The employer could have resolved the issue with continuous negotiations with the union and employees while resolving the financial exigencies as well. According the Article 11, the employer is in obligation to provide health care service as per the contract and has thus violated the Article 11. 3) Yes. Employer violated the Article 11 because it is clearly mentioned in the article that employees shall be enrolled in the Select Blue/Point of Service Plan with common provider directory of Ohio and Pennsylvania physicians and hospitals. Further, employees will have $10 co-payment for visit and $10 co-payment for prescription.

Read the following paper on Petroleum Engineering education and Essay

Read the following paper on Petroleum Engineering education and prepare a review summary report. ( read page 2, page 3 and page 4 ) - Essay Example Operations in the centre began in the year 2001 using an intricate system to select candidates because it allows for enrolment of students who have the capacity to capture significant information within a short time. Presently, the centre boasts of a competent team of mentors and research officers with each having a steadfast specialty in a given aspect of field development. The instructors can present and support various development projects before state officials. This makes the centre proud of having competent personnel focused on training elite individuals to work in oil companies. Academic success of learners entirely depends on the eminence of their background education. This calls for collaboration amid universities (Heriot- Watt University, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Pokholkov & Dmitriev 4). The most notable contribution made by the centre is the ability to improve the education quality control system. This is through the introduction of a component pertaining to training that allows for holding of mock examinations in accordance to the identical procedures as real exams. The exams are used to monitor the present academic progress of learners. Conclusively, graduates from the centre boast of favourable career prospects. They have a higher likelihood of holding top positions in major oil companies in the coming

Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Prison - Essay Example The cynicism about rehabilitation springs from three sets of concerns, all reasonable, up till now all paralyzing if accepted without thought. The first reason for skepticism is the fear that people who have demonstrated their contempt for society's laws may continue to flout them, even after they are better prepared to survive as law-abiding citizens. Preparation cannot change the mind of someone committed to crime. (Mair, 2004) However one might also squabble that without the preparation-educational, emotional, and psychological-to survive without crime, even someone committed to reform will have a hard time changing his life. Preparation is neither a panacea nor a guarantee, but it makes reform possible. A second reason for skepticism is the adversarial environment of the prison. Prisoners are confined involuntarily, and prison staff is the ones keeping them there. The resulting bitterness, resentment, wariness, and contempt would seem to preclude the trust and mutual respect necessary for effective teaching, supervising, or counseling. Yet those who have studied prisons, or other social organizations, know that it is not impossible for opponents to work together for some mutual advantage, even if their mutual suspicion never quite disappears. If programs meant to prepare prisoners for release are beneficial to both staff and prisoners, one might see cooperation begin to develop. An implementation problem, of the kind that political scientists and public policy scholars have studied extensively in the last twenty-five years. Reframing the failures of rehabilitation as implementation failures leads us to see that staff and prisoners base their support for and participation in programs on criteria different from what most policymakers or advocates might believe. Staff and prisoners work with and participate in programs not because of their long-term rehabilitative benefits, but because programs can satisfy their immediate, prison-centered needs. Their interest is in programs that keep prisoners busy and interested, with incentives that are valuable, given the context of a particular prison. They also look for programs that are congruent with the values that staff uses to govern their interaction with prisoners and their understanding of their jobs. Programs are part of a particular style of prison management: one that encourages accommodation between staff and prisoners, as opposed to group loyalty. In prisons where existing patterns of staff interaction embrace this kind of interaction, programs will be welcomed. But in prisons that do not, staff will reject programs or attempt to subvert them. (McGuire, 2002) The prison environment structures the extent to which staff understands policy and both staff and prisoners decide to cooperate with it. Implementing programs successfully, therefore, requires an understanding of how the organizational context of each individual prison will interact with the written policies and provisions that govern rehabilitation programs. This understanding recasts the debate about whether prisoners must first be 'amenable' to

What the different between personnel management and HR management Essay

What the different between personnel management and HR management - Essay Example They do not hold identical views about the similarities and dissimilarities between human resource management and personnel management. Human resource management often regards employees as resources. This encourages investment in training and development as well as other activities, which increase the worth of the investments making them motivated to fulfill their job roles. On other hand, personnel management views the employees as costs of the business and has to be controlled and kept to a minimum. Hence, employees are one of the largest costs of a business. Furthermore, human resource management is naturally practical. Its main area of concern is the existing conditions within an organization, but it anticipates future requirements and then it comes up with an action plan. On the other hand, personnel management is naturally reactive. It suits itself by making sure that peaceful relations as regards to management of labor exist in the present. Human resource management gives emphasis to unlimited contracts, which can be customized based on the existing business demands. In this regard, management is tasked with the responsibility of motivating its staff and this is often a catalyst for improved performance. Personnel management gives emphasis to the strict observance of established contracts, procedures, and rules that oversee the relationship between the management and the employees (Chandramohan, 2008). Based on the differences outlined above, it is worth concluding that human resource management is most crucial in an organization. In addition, social significance of personnel management is evident since it enhances the dignity of people at work by satisfying their social

Philosophical methods and their role in integrating learning and faith Essay

Philosophical methods and their role in integrating learning and faith - Essay Example In Greek semantics, the traditional goal most associated with philosophy as a discipline is not stated directly, which is not to say that truth is absent in the definition of philosophy, but rather that truth is present in the defining aspect of wisdom. Wisdom relates to truth as knowledge relates to understanding, and the dynamics of this relationship is illustrated in the Greek term ‘Sophia’. In defining philosophy as the â€Å"love of wisdom,† the nature of wisdom itself must be analyzed through a comparison to other types of knowledge. On a fundamental level, traditional philosophy in both the Eastern and Western traditions is gnostic, for these schools assert that truth can be directly experienced and known by human consciousness and that truth is divinely inspired or created by aspects of a divine being. Yet, philosophers themselves may differ in the degree or the manner in which they accord truth to be divine, sacred, holy, or beautiful. Similarly, an agnostic philosophy may be possible, where followers of the teaching believe that truth itself cannot be known absolutely, constructed accurately, or experienced in a valid form by human consciousness, and that truth is not divinely inspired or created by theistic forces. An agnostic belief system or philosophy would appear to be inherently tragic in believing that truth cannot be definitively known to mind, whereas a gnostic or religious system of philosophy can be expected to be liberating through either immanence or transcendence related to mental apprehension o f truth. Therefore, in the gnostic aspects of philosophy, the reconciliation of faith and learning becomes possible, where truth is equated with divinity and wisdom with spirituality in the wider context of life and experience related to the existential aspects of being. In comparison, this possibility of reconciling faith and learning is fundamentally cut-off or eliminated from the philosophy of the agnostic type, as God or divinity is inherently rejected as valid reference. The relationship between philosophy and religion is seen traditionally across all cultures, languages, and schools of thought. In the Christian tradition, Max Dashu (2000) writes, â€Å"The syncretism of Judaic, Egyptian, Hellenistic and Persian traditions gave rise to Gnosticism, a name which arose directly from an emphasis on inner knowing.† (Dashu, 2000) In defining philosophy through the gnostic methodology of â€Å"inner knowing,† a deeper inquiry into the historical dimensions of ‘Soph ia’ or wisdom is also required. Wisdom in the age of the Greeks may have been worshipped with the attributes of the Divine Goddess in indigenous religious traditions, though simultaneously operating as an integral aspect of consciousness. Most schools of philosophy are united by the belief that truth can be apprehended by consciousness, but religious philosophy synchronizes divinity with truth experientially through gnostic realization. Gnosticism as a school of Christianity combining elements of Platonism, Pythagoreanism, Buddhism, and Orphism in a syncretic manner is distinct from the ‘direct knowing of truth’

Three Positions on Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Three Positions on Abortion - Essay Example It does not think that the act of abortion is legitimate under all circumstances. The position considers that the mother and fetus have certain rights. The conflict of rights is created because of the different considerations for the mother, fetus and the society. However, the acceptability of the action depends on the severity of such conditions. For example, if it is feared that there are chances that the fetus will born deformed, moderate position will allow abortion in such cases. The reason behind the acceptance of abortion in this case is that it will cause tremendous pain and suffering to the mother and the fetus itself. The loss or pain cause by giving birth to a child would be greater than the tragedy and loss of abortion. In other words, moderate position on abortion is the rational view of abortion. It requires doing what is best for the mother and the fetus. Hence it is a better alternative to conservative and liberal approaches. The moderate approach strikes a balance be tween liberal and conservative positions. I agree with this position because many a times there are situation when it is necessary to abort the child. People also have a tendency to abuse the abortion. They take it for granted and use it at the cost of rights of the fetus or the child. This harms the sanctity of life. Many people have compared such an act with murder. Since, it has been proven that the fetus gets the life after four months. Unlike liberal approach, the moderate approach will assume that the right of abortion for women should be until four months only. After that abortion should only be allowed if there are severe medical issues, it is feared that the child will be deformed, or in cases of rape and incest. Similarly, the moderate approach is better than conservative approach because it thinks that abortion should not be allowed under any condition. This approach can lead to fatal consequence. For example, if the woman dies in the process of child birth. This would le ad to loss of two lives. Hence, a rational approach in this case would be to allow abortion under certain scenario and let people use the option for the benefit of themselves and the benefit of the entire society. The moderate position on abortion takes into account various ethical frameworks. It takes into account the deontological framework in way that it calls for abortion in cases where the motives of the action are pure. It needs people to weigh the pros and cons of the action before taking the final action. As a result, the motives behind the moderate approach are more often than not pure and hence the deontological framework justifies the decisions taken under deontological framework. Rights-based ethics also justify the moderate position on abortion. Since, a part of women body is involved in the process of child birth, she has a right to abort the child if she want to. If she feels that the entire process of child birth is too painful for her body, or it will cause her stre ss then she can use right based ethics to justify her decision of aborting the fetus. Even consequential ethics allow the parents to abort the fetus. For example, if it is considered that overall standard of living of a family would fall after the birth of another child, the parents can choose to abort the child and this can be justified by using the consequential approach. Similarly, if it is felt that the birth of the child can lead to medical issues for the women or can lead to a deformed child that can cause stress and

Free

Free Market and Market Character Essay The main difficulty in tackling this question is squaring moral means with moral ends, (Wilkinson, 2008). Moral character, or virtue, is a means to achieving moral ends. As the socioeconomic structure changes so do the means of achieving moral ends. Free markets flourishes along fast socioeconomic change, and therefore market cultures are most likely to see a mismatch between the traits of moral character valued by the culture and the traits of character actually effective as means within the existing structure for achieving moral ends. Due to the indifference of each individual, perspectives vary according to the superannuated standards of our lagging moral culture while the system simultaneously delivers moral goods more effectively than at any time in human history. So, the correct answer to the question is: Yes, market societies corrode traditional moral norms, although this corrosion is an integral part of moral progress. John gray in his view of the effect of free market on market character suggests comparison of realistic alternatives and understanding how different systems promote divergent types of human character. His definition of a free market sidelines the view that free markets emerge spontaneously when state interference in the economy is removed, or simply free markets the ‘absence of government’. Instead markets in his view depend on systems of law to decide what can be traded as a commodity and what cannot. Therefore, free markets not only contain some moral restraints which are policed by the government, but also rely on property rights mostly created and enforced by the government. The free market as in the past mid-Victorian England came about not because the state withdrew from the economy, but rather because state power was used to privatize land that had been under various forms of common ownership, or not owned at all. Historically, it is evident that economic systems are living things, and rarely do free markets operate according to the established economic models; except in economics textbooks where markets are self-regulating. On the contrary, the relation between economics and ethics can be seen more clearly in the light that traits of character most rewarded by free markets are entrepreneurial boldness, the willingness to speculate and gamble, and the ability to seize new opportunities. In order to survive and prosper in free market economies one has to embrace such skills and risk-taking actions as retooling one’s skills, relocating and switching careers. According to Adam Smith, one of the originators of free-market economics, markets cannot be confined to the marketplace because free markets demand a high degree of mobility and an ingrained readiness to exit from relationships that are no longer profitable; a direct reflection of the humanity in our lives. Adam’s fear and Gray’s perception matter the least when it has been proved that though free markets reward some moral traits, they also undermine others. The moral hazards of free markets do not mean that other economic systems are any better. Therefore, no economic system can fully attend to every aspect of moral character; instead all rely on motives that are morally questionable. A sensible combination cannot be achieved by applying an ideal model of how the economy should work. Different mixes will be best in different historical contexts. But one thing is clear: a modern market economy cannot do without a measure of moral corrosion. Tyler (2008) is of the opinion that free markets operate like amplifiers; the abundance placed in our disposal tends to boost and accentuate whatever character tendencies we already possess. He believes that other features of the free market also encourage the better angels of our nature and discourage our destructive impulses; thus allowing people to realize a range of good intentions. Market-friendly societies are attractive to immigrants. Transparency International annually issues an index of the most corrupt places in the world to do business. The countries topping last year’s list were Iraq, Myanmar, and Somalia, while the least corrupt countries were Denmark, Finland, and New Zealand, all of which have active market economies. In relation to such a report, it is obvious that the rise of markets and the decline of corruption are part of a common and consistent thread of progress. Markets purpose to create a consensus around certain moral expectations: that agreements should be binding, that honesty is expected in transactions, and that economic actors are held accountable for broken promises. However not all markets are ‘free’ because ‘corrupt’ markets do not meet the above standards, as a similarly in a variety of other human imperfections. By making more social activity of every kind possible, the market creates greater scope for these vices. As observers of economic life, many of us focus too often on these sorts of negative examples. But we need to take a wider view of human progress. In the midst of our own long era of economic growth and expansion, it is obvious that the positive features of markets decisively outweigh their negative features. This is true not only because of the practical and material benefits of wealth creation but because of its beneficial effect on personal morality as well. Irrespective of the side taken by each market analyst, a common ground runs through in the aspects of moral and social issues. In his judgment, Globalization, leads not only to the creation and spread of wealth but to ethical outcomes and to better moral character among its participants. In contrast Hymowitz believes that market economies weaken the cultural conspiracy in three powerful ways. First, they introduce novelty, which tests established cultural habits and moral verities. Second, they provoke individual desire in ways that can easily weaken the self-discipline and moral obligations that make free markets flourish. And lastly, as they advance, market economies become more likely to treat the yet-to-be-socialized child as an autonomous, adult-like actor rather than as an undeveloped dependent. On the hand, subscribes to the liberal school of thought as pioneered by Adam Smith or Milton Friedman. According to this school of thought, freedom of the individual is the highest aim, and the ultimate test of a ones character is his ability to pursue his own chosen goals in life without infringing upon the freedom of others pursuit of their own goals. From this perspective, free economic activity among individuals, corporations, and nations boosts such desirable qualities as trust, honesty, and hard work. Other panelists on the same big question, has each faithfully attested to his or her view but at one point came to the conclusion that the answer to this question depends on how one conceives the good life; prescribing that at all times we should ensure to take a wider view of human progress. ? References Jagdish, Bhagwati. Does the Free Market Corrode Moral Character? London. 2008 December 3, 2008. 3 March 2009 http://www. templeton. org/market/PDF/Cowen. pdf Tyler, Cowen. Does the Free Market Corrode Moral Character? London. 2008 December 3, 2008. 3 March 2009 http://www. templeton. org/market/PDF/ Bhagwati. pdf Will, Wilkinson. Does the Free Market Corrode Moral Character, London. 2008 October 6, 2008. 3 March 2009 http://www. willwilkinson. net/flybottle/2008/10/06/does-the-free- market-corrode-moral-character/ John, Templeton Foundation. â€Å"Supporting Science-Investing in the Big Questions: An interview with leading scientists, scholars, and public figures,† Does the Free Market Corrode Moral Character. 3 December 2008. 3 March 2009 http://www. templeton. org/market/ Lockwood, Anne Turnbaugh. Community Collaboration and Social Capital: An Interview with Gary G. Wehlage. Leaders for Tomorrows Schools. 2 May 2001. 19 July 2001 http://www. ncrel. org/cscd/pubs/lead21/2-1m. htm.

The spy genre

The spy genre The spy genre is intellectually satisfying for its thrilling blend of espionage, international setting, assassinations, secret agencies, ruthless villains, and fast moving action. The Bourne Trilogy does not disappoint viewers with a predictable plot; rather it reinvents the genre with an appealing protagonist, Jason Bourne who is regarded with sympathy throughout the narrative of the films, despite the suspicions cast over him at times. The pursuit and pursued formula that characterises spy genres is cleverly sustained in the Bourne films. The Bourne Ultimatum has an interesting twist in terms of the expected spy plot, as Bourne is the pursuer. The films psychologically portray the themes of betrayal, corruption, power, and greed in a way that is glamorised, while at the same time highlighting tremendous injustice. The Bourne Ultimatum is renowned for its cleverly arranged film structure in that the story is set in several different time frames. These time frames are the story of Bourne being chased, but also Bournes numerous flashbacks that take place throughout the film; at 415 East 71st Street, where Bourne meets Albert Hirsch, who ran Treadstones psychological conditioning programme many of these occur. Hirsch was the one who broken down Bourne in order to make him trainable as a Treadstone agent. In this scene, there is a particularly spectacular flashback in which Jason is shown, deprived of sleep sitting at a table. Dr Hirsch tells Bourne: â€Å"Really give yourself to this programme. [Treadstone]†. Bourne is then shown holding a gun and quickly fires two bullets at a tied up hostage. Hirsch then tells Bourne that he is no longer David Webb (his real name). This is a turning point in the plot as it shows when Jason Bourne lost his real identity. The films structure is also clever in that the majority of the films events precede those of the Bourne Supremacy, filling in the interim from when he left Moscow and went to New York City. An example is in London where Bourne meets Simon Ross, a journalist and finds out about Blackbriar. He then tries to protect Simons life, as the CIA have picked up on Simons knowledge about Blackbriar from a phone call that he made through ECHELON, a call monitoring service. However, Bourne fails to protect him, as Simon does not follow Bournes instructions. Another example is when he is Tangier with Nicky searching for Neal Daniels, who was involved in Treadstone. However, Daniels is killed by Desh, a Blackbriar operative before they can interrogate him. Other places that feature in the storyline are Moscow, Paris, London, Madrid, Tangier, and New York City. The story from these places takes up about two thirds of the film, after which point the conclusion / resolution to the Bourne trilogy is sh own. Another unique point of the Bourne trilogy, but particularly The Bourne Ultimatum, is that the spy genre is more intellectual, and requires more thinking to unravel the story. When Bourne tells Landy to meet him at Tudor City alone, Landy goes, followed by Vosen and his team. Bourne phones Vosen: â€Å"Where are you now?† and Vosen replies â€Å"Im sitting in my office.† Bourne then says that he doubts that as if he were in his office, they would be talking face to face. Bourne then hangs up and opens Vosens safe ingeniously, using a recording of Vosens voice. This scene is fast-paced and set in low light, common in spy-genre films. As Bourne hangs up, fast-paced music, non-diegetic sound starts and the viewer immediately knows that a chase scene will follow. By the third instalment, scenes like this such one are the audiences expectations, as the spy-genre becomes increasingly more intellectual and involves increasingly more advanced technology with each instalment in the trilogy. The Bourne Ultimatum has been described as â€Å"an oasis in a sea of contrived, overreaching action films† which shows that it is appreciated for its impressive new take on the spy genre. The structure of each film in the series, in detail follows a common pattern with an opening scene of intrigue, followed by a mission that Bourne undertakes to answer questions and concludes with some form of resolve. In the Bourne Identity, Bourne is found lying in the ocean and is rescued by some Italian fishermen, and cannot remember who he is. He discovers that he can speak several different languages and has a wide range of skills that he can use, as when he ties a knot in a rope on the Italian mens fishing boat, without thinking. It is later revealed that he has these skills due to his partaking in a programme called â€Å"Operation Treadstone†. In Operation Treadstone, the agents would be broken down and then trained to do what was required of them, as in Bournes case usually assassinations. Later in the film, he regains pieces of his memory through stimuli, like when Conklin says: â€Å"For Christs sake, youre the one who picked the yacht as a goddamn strike point!† He then has a flashback and remembers the attempted assassination where he was supposed to kill Nykwana Wombosi, an African dictator. At the end of the Bourne Identity, he goes to a scooter rental shop in Greece where Marie is working. The camera zooms in to a medium close up shot in order to show Marie Jasons reactions other after last seeing each other at Eamons house in the French countryside. Non-diegetic sound, namely the theme music (Extreme Ways by Moby) starts to play signifying the end of the film and that they are reunited. This non-diegetic sound In the Bourne Supremacy, Bourne and Marie are together in India and Bourne does not wish to work for the CIA and wants to be independent, as cited in the Bourne Identity, when Bourne tells Conklin: â€Å"Youre gonna go tell them [the CIA] that Jason Bourne is dead†. This is said in a commanding way and highlights Jasons desire to be free from his pursuers. Marie is later killed by a Russian assassin, who was targeting Bourne. Bourne travels to Italy to find out why he is again being pursued. Bourne is pursued by the CIA for the murders of two men, of which he is framed by Ward Abbott who has his fingerprint planted. Bourne later interrogates Nicky Parsons, a CIA agent who was involved in the logistics arm of Treadstone, and discovers that Conklin was not the head of Treadstone, rather it was Abbott. Bourne goes after Abbott and records a conversation with him, and holds a gun to his head, Abbott in response saying: â€Å"Go ahead, go on. Go on! Do it! Do it!† at which p oint Bourne replies â€Å"She [Marie] wouldnt want me to†. This shows Jasons love for Marie, even after her death. After this Bourne goes to Moscow, where he is pursued in a car chase by Kirill, a Russian Blackbriar operative. Bourne eventually kills Kirill by forcing his car to crash into a concrete divider in a tunnel. He then goes to see Irena, the daughter of Vladimir Neski, the Russian politician that he killed. He tells her that he was responsible for their deaths and on leaving, says â€Å"Im sorry.† The viewer is sympathetical toward Bourne in this scene, because they know that Bourne was trained as a Treadstone operative and thought at the time that he was doing the right thing. At the end of the film, Pamela Landy is speaking on the phone to Bourne and says: â€Å"Why dont you come in and well talk about it.† Bourne replies â€Å"Get some rest, Pam. You look tired.† At this point Landy looks out of the window trying to pinpoint where Bourne is. Bourne is then shown walking through New York City. The way this sequence is filmed is interesting, as in the Bourne Supremacy, Landy is shown speaking, however Bourne is also shown speaking, allowing the viewer to see his reactions to the phone call. In the Bourne Ultimatum, this is shown once again, but with different camera angles. Bourne and Landy are shown speaking on the phone, but there is a flashback during the phone call, which is evoked by Landy telling Bourne his real name, David Webb and his date of birth. During the conversation, Noah Vosen and a group of CIA agents are listening in on the conversation and attempting to trace the phone call. As Bourne tells Landy that she â€Å"looks tired † the agents and Vosen realises that Jason is very close. In the Bourne Ultimatum, before the events that lead up to the phone call mentioned, Bourne is a fugitive in Moscow. He manages to evade the Moscow police long enough to treat his wounds in a pharmacy. He is confronted by an officer, whom he renders unconscious. He holds another officer at gunpoint. The officer asks Bourne not to kill him, and Bourne replies in Russian, â€Å"My argument is not with you.† This is typical of spy-genre films, as most spies featured in the genre will only kill people who they have to, or who are directed to kill. There is a role-reversal in this Bourne movie, as Bourne is the pursuer. Bourne is then shown in Paris, where he meets with Maries stepbrother to inform him of her death. Bourne searches for the individuals who trained him in Operation Treadstone throughout the film, through many sources; namely Nicky Parsons, Treadstones former logistics and mental health manager and who is suggested to have had a romantic relationship with Bourne befor e the Wombosi incident. He discovers that Neal Daniels was one of his trainers. Daniels is killed in Tangier by Desh, a Blackbriar operative who then goes after Nicky under CIA instructions. Bourne kills him and sends Nicky away on a bus for her safety. Bourne then searches through a burnt briefcase that belonged to Neal Daniels and discovers the charred remains of a CIA document, with the CIA New York substations address on it. Bourne then enters another building and spies on Pamela Landy and Noah Vosen in the CIA building. Bourne notices that Vosen has some documents on Blackbriar in a safe in his office. He then calls Pamela Landy: â€Å"I hear youre still looking for me. What do you want?† Landy: â€Å"I wanted to thank you for the tape. Its all tied off. Its over.† Landy then tells Bourne that his real name is David Webb and his birthday is 4/15/71 (US date format). This is the same scene as at the end of the Bourne Supremacy. After telling Pamela, that â€Å"she looks tired†, a chase ensues after Bourne sends Landy a text message telling her to meet him at Tudor City. It is later found out that Bournes birthday is actually 13/9/70. The CIA immediately picks up on this and discovers that it is a code to the former Treadstone training facility. Here he meets Albert Hirsch, one of the men who trained him as a Treadstone agent. Bourne points a gun at his head, but does not kill him as he says that Hirsch doesnt deserve â€Å"the star that they give you at Langley†, a reference to stars on the wall in the CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia that are a memorial to agents killed in action. At the end of the film, Bourne is shown on the run from the CIA. A Blackbriar operative then points a gun at him, but after hearing Bournes speech: â€Å"Do you even know why youre supposed to kill me? Look at us. Look at what they make you give†, the agent spares Bournes life and Bourne is shown running toward the edge of the rooftop. However as he jumps off headed into a river, Noah Vosen shoots at him. He falls into the water, the viewer neither knowing if he survived or was killed and his body is shown not moving in the water with eerie downbeat music starting to play. The focus then switches to Pamela Landy giving a speech to US senators. She tells them of the Blackbriar programme, saying: â€Å"The file indicates that Ezra Kramer [Director of the CIA] authorised six illegal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the focus then switching to a reporters voice on a television, with Nicky watching. The reporter says that there is â€Å"a growing scandal† over â€Å"an alleged government ass assination programme code-named Blackbriar†. It goes on to say that, Ezra Kramer is under criminal investigation, Landy obviously having managed to have him prosecuted. The reporter then says that Hirsch and Vosen have been arrested and â€Å"Meanwhile, mystery surrounds the fate of David Webb, also known as Jason Bourne, the source behind the exposure of the Blackbriar programme†. It says that Bourne was reported to have been shot and fallen from â€Å"a Manhattan rooftop into the East River ten storeys below.† Finally, the reporter announces that even after a three-day search, â€Å"[Bournes] body has yet to be found.† Nicky smiles at this, realising that Jason must still be alive. The theme music (Extreme Ways by Moby) then starts to play, and Bourne is then shown swimming away down the river. This leaves a hint that possibly the series is not over, and that there is room for a sequel. In many films of the spy-genre, there is a hint that the series will carry on, and the Bourne Ultimatum is no exception. The language used in the three films is cryptic and there are many codenames used. Operation Blackbriar is a more advanced version of Operation Treadstone that allows the CIA in the Bourne Ultimatum to use lethal action if required, without consent. It is referred to frequently throughout the film, including when Simon Ross, the journalist who has been informed of Blackbriar, is hunted down; his source later turns out to Neal Daniels. The way that the characters speak also plays a major part in the film. Their way of speaking in emotionally detached, but not business-like, as they do not always explain all clearly to the audience. Usually this is rectified later in the films. The main people who speak in this way are the CIA, namely Pamela Landy, Abbott, Conklin, Kramer and Noah Vosen, amongst others. They speak in this way so as to create a theme of mystery and intrigue, which leaves the viewer curious, wanting to see more of the film. One scene of intrigue is when Bourne is with Simon Ross in Waterloo Station Concourse. Bourne has read one of his news stories about Jason Bourne and goes to meet him. Meanwhile, the CIA has picked up on a keyword that Ross said on a phone call through ECHELON. He becomes hunted by a number of the CIAs Blackbriar operatives. Bourne meets Ross near a newsagents in Waterloo Station. The lighting is low, and there is a lot of diegetic sound; passengers talking and announcements in the train station. Bourne asks Ross: â€Å"Whos your source? Whats his name? Whats your sources name?† Ross asks Bourne: â€Å"Look, whats going on? Why are these people after me? Bourne replies that the reason is because Ross found something and spoke to someone involved with Treadstone. Bourne asks again, who the source is and Ross replies â€Å"You know I cant tell you that.† Bourne tells him that he underestimates the CIA, and that they will kill him if needs be. Ross asks him if they are af ter him because of Blackbriar. Bourne discovers that it is a â€Å"Treadstone upgrade† as described by Ross. Bourne then sees one of the Blackbriar operatives; the first time that he realises what operation they are working for and tells Ross that they have to move. Fast-paced action music starts to play, indicative of the start of an important action sequence. The mise-en-scene at this point is a terminal swarming with passengers. This makes the scene slightly harder for the viewer to follow, and makes them pay more attention. Bourne tells Ross to answer his phone and Bourne continues giving him instructions via his phone. As Bourne is walking at a distance behind Ross, he notices numerous CIA operatives and tells Ross to tie his shoelace. The agents walk past and Ross unnoticed is told by Jason to walk along the far wall. Ross does this but sees a man with a waste trolley and believes him to be one of the operatives. He thinks that the man is reaching for a gun and runs thr ough the crowd away from him. Meanwhile, in New York, Vosen and his team are watching the CCTV cameras in the station and see Ross running through the crowds. The operatives are given the location of Ross and once again try to catch him. The lighting during this scene is bright/daylight, which means that the operatives, Bourne and Ross must be careful of their actions. One of the operatives them follows Ross and Bourne tells Ross to move into a shop, while Bourne knocks the asset unconscious. Bourne then tells Ross to go into the back of the store and locks the door. Ross does, but as he does this, two operatives see him and try to open the door unsuccessfully. They are seen walking out of the store by Bourne and he follows them, as they try to find another way into the back of the store. One aims to shoot Ross, but as he does so is rendered unconscious by Bourne. The music is fast paced at this point and in the back of the store, the light is artificial and bright. Numerous other o peratives then enter the room and Bourne manages to knock them all out. Diegetic sound is in the form of grunts from the men as Bourne does so. The mise-en-scene is bare, albeit with bodies strewn over the floor. Bourne realises that there is a camera in the room and that he and Ross have now been seen. Vosen in New York sees these images and believes Jason to be Ross source; that Ross is in league with him. There is a tense atmosphere in the CIA room, with computers and high-tech gear everywhere. Vosen is watching the station through CCTV on three large screens. He orders for all the exits of the station to be blocked and for Bourne and Ross to both be assassinated. While this happens, a Blackbriar operative has climbed a stairwell and is now stationed behind a revolving billboard. Bourne and Ross are now in a small room and are watching through a small window in the door for any operatives. Jason confronts Ross and tells him that he is going to get them out of there, but that Ross has to do exactly what he says. He confronts Ross, who is panicking and tells him â€Å"this isnt some story in a newspaper. (A reference to him being a journalist) This is real. You understand me?† Ross replies â€Å"OK† and Bourne exits the room, on the lookout for any operatives. The Blackbriar operative is seen behind the billboard, in a dark dingy environment, readying a sniper rifle. Vosen is then shown in the CIA substation again and tells his team: â€Å"Call all agents back. Give Bournes location at the back of the store to the asset. The asset then receives a message showing Bourne and Ross identities. Vosen orders the cameras to be â€Å"killed†, specifically not pointed at the concourse where the sniper would presumably be firing. Bourne is still communicating with Ross by phone. Bourne tells him that he feels that â€Å"something isnt right† (an excellent perception by Bourne, which shows that he has been trained as an expert). Ross says to Bourne via phone: â€Å"I can see the entrance from here. If I go now I can make it. Bourne tells Ross to remain. Ross then tells Bourne that he does not think they should wait and, panicking again says he thinks, â€Å"Someones coming†. Bourne meanwhile has seen something move when the billboard revolves. Ross then says, â€Å"Im going for it.† Bourne, desperate shouts at Ross â€Å"No, no, no, no, no!† but Ross does not listen and tries to run quickly out of the room. The sniper then quickly shoots Ross in the head from behind the billboard. There is diegetic sound commotion is this part, people screaming and police officers whistles. Bourne manages to take Simons notes from his pockets and slip away unnoticed. Meanwhile, the sniper searches for Bourne in the crowd, but sees him coming closer, and realising that Bourne knows where he is, quickly starts to escape. A chase between Bourne and the sniper, with Bourne as the pursuer quickly ensues. Bourne spots t he sniper and runs after him, chasing him down a dingy stairwell and a London Underground station. The camera movement in this scene is shaky and handheld, and adds to the excitement factor that the music already brings. The sniper manages to slip onto a train and the doors shut just as Bourne reaches it. Bourne then comes face to face with his enemy as the train leaves, a moment of extreme tension. The focus then cuts to Vosen. Another interesting scene is the scene in which Bourne and Nicky enter Tangier via ferry. As they enter the ferry terminal there is a lot of diegetic from passengers and low, action music with a quickening beat. The focus then switches to Desh, a Blackbriar operative. He leaves Tangier airport, where diegetic sound can be heard, aeroplanes taking off and landing and airport announcements. He is shown entering a taxi. The focus switches to Vosen quickly, a man saying, â€Å"Asset has arrived at the airport†. The use of the word asset shows the CIAs ruthlessness; if an asset is killed, another one can be used. Bourne and Nicky are shown walking down a busy street, full of civilians. They are shown entering a hotel room and Nicky sets up a laptop. In the meantime, Neal Daniels is shown hurriedly leaving a taxi. Vosen is shown in the dark CIA substation in New York and says: â€Å"Give the asset subject [Daniels] location and the route between the subjects hotel and the bank.â₠¬  Desh is shown in a taxi receiving this information. Nicky logs in securely to the CIA on her laptop. Desh is then shown entering a dark gloomy garage, where a motorbike is parked. All the time these events happen, anticipative music is playing in the background. Nicky then searches on the CIAs service for Daniels location, but is blocked by the firewall. She tells Bourne â€Å"Theyll get one of the operatives to terminate him.† Again, this highlights the CIAs ruthless nature. Bourne tells her to â€Å"find out who.† They discover that it is Desh. They plan to follow him in order to find the location of Daniels. Desh is shown preparing for the assassination when Nicky sends him a message, telling him to meet her at a local cafà ©. He then closes the phone, and a remote-detonating bomb is shown. He then sets off through Tangier by motorbike. An aerial image of Tangier is shown, as in many spy films there is an international setting and this interests the viewers fur ther to see the skyline of the city, which sets the scene. Vosen and his team are shown in New York again, and a woman tells Vosen: â€Å"Sir, the asset is deviating off course.† Vosen responds by saying not to take any action. The deviation is of course due to Nicky telling Desh to meet her at a cafà ©, specifically â€Å"Cafà © de Paris†. A congested street is then shown with diegetic sound and non-diegetic sound, the diegetic being the honks of car horns and the non-diegetic sound being the tense music building up to scene of climax, of which there are numerous in this film. Bourne is shown behind a tree watching Desh go past on moped, while Nicky is sat at a table in Cafà © de Paris. Desh stops and gets off the moped, while Bourne watches, unnoticed and Vosen and his team see Deshs â€Å"unscheduled stop† on a digital map. Desh picks up the phone that Nicky has left on the table for him, and Bourne then follows him, ingeniously grabbing keys for a moped f rom someones hand without their knowing; another indication of Bournes intensive training. Bourne is then shown starting the moped, ready to follow. Vosens team are shown and tell him â€Å"Subject is on the move, en route to subject. [Daniels]† Wills, part of Vosens team then tells him that there has been a breach of the CIA protocol. They discover that instructions were sent to Desh, and then discover that they were sent from Nicky Parsons computer. Vosen asks where the deviation occurred, and when he is satisfied tells a member of the team: â€Å"When were finished with Daniels, send the asset after her† (to assassinate her). Pamela Landy asks what he is doing, and he refuses to answer. She asks him on what basis he is continuing the operation on, and he responds that on the basis that Nicky has â€Å"compromised a covert operation†. Landy responds by saying that the operation is about the assassination of Daniels, not of Nicky. Vosen believes that she has be trayed them, whereas Landy believes that these could be exceptional circumstances; she could have been pressured into sending the message by Bourne. The conversation intensifies and Vosen says that she is in league with Jason Bourne; he believes that this is sufficient evidence to kill her. Landy shouts at him: â€Å"You do not have the authority to kill her!† â€Å"Oh yes I do.† Responds Vosen, â€Å"And you had better get on board.† Landy argues, saying that Nicky is a member of the CIA, and that: â€Å"You start down this path, when does it end?† Here Landy is saying that once he kills one member of the CIA, how many more will he kill? Vosen defends by saying that â€Å"It ends when weve won.† Here the intense argument ends, but Landy stares at Noah grudgingly, and there is a huge sense of tension in the air. Desh receives a message from the CIA, telling him to kill Nicky and Bourne after he kills Daniels. Desh looks in the motorbikes side-view mirror and sees Bourne, realising that he is following him. Vosen tells the bank in Tangier to release the funds. This is used as bait for Daniels to leave the hotel. He receives a phone call telling him this and leaves the building, while Desh continues on the moped. He stops and parks the moped, and Bourne does the same, albeit a distance away, as Bourne believes that Desh has not noticed him. Daniels is shown driving not far away. Desh drops a backpack near a car and as he sees Daniels come down the road, stands in the middle of the road telling him not to come further, when Bourne realises that Desh has tricked him, and the bomb is located on a moped parked directly next to Daniels car. Bourne tries to warn Daniels, but fails as Desh detonates the bomb, destroying his car and ultimately killing Daniels. Bourne, who is very close to the bombs impact, is knocked to the ground, and Desh seeing this believes that Bourne is dead and goes after Nicky. The success of the Bourne trilogy is in the fact that it reinvents the spy genre, by including increasingly more intellectual elements and being unique from other spy films because of this. Jason Bourne, the protagonist of the series has a strong appeal to the viewer throughout the series, despite the viewer knowing that he is an assassin and has killed many people ruthlessly before. Thus, throughout the series at no point does the viewer lack sympathy for Bourne, as they realise that his actions are dictated by desperation and the need for survival of him and those close to him, Marie for example. The themes in the film are of a serious tone, such as the idea of the CIA sending countless people after Bourne and those close to him, for him and those people mentioned to be assassinated. In the films however, particularly The Bourne Identity and The Bourne Supremacy, there exist a number of less serious themes, such as Bournes affection and love toward Marie in The Bourne Identity and The Bourne Supremacy, and his innocence throughout the series, particularly in the first film, when he cannot remember who he is. Overall, the series is pleasing for the viewer as it presents a unique take on the spy genre, with a more serious tone, yet still managing to mix less serious themes with these.

How Spreadsheets can Solve Complex Problems

How Spreadsheets can Solve Complex Problems Explain how spreadsheets can be used to solve complex problems (P1) Task 1: Generate a report explaining how spreadsheets can be used to solve the following complex problems giving examples to support your explanation Cash flow forecasting Cash flow forecasting is used to see what comes into a business and what goes out. This estimates amounts of cash that comes in and goes out during a period of time. A cash flow forecast will show what the firm is spending its money on.   Ã‚   Cash flow forecasting can be used in spreadsheets as you can use formulas on it to calculate sums and there is less errors whilst using it. It saves time you can calculate things quicker on it rather than doing it one by one. You can conditional format on it which sets rules and highlights the rows you need highlighting. This cash flow sheet shows the money coming and going out between a time. It shows money that comes in each month of the year and how much goes out for things like expenses, wages and so on. When you input data into the cells it will automatically calculate the data with the formulas in the cells. They can then use this years cash flow sheet and compare it to next years seeing if there is any difference. Budget control Budgetary control is how well you utilise budgets to keep track of costs under control and operations in a certain time period. Budget control is a process for managers to put financial and performance targets in place with budgets, compare the final result, and adjust performance when it is needed. Organisations will use budget control to keep costs under control so they dont over spend. This budget control shows the budget limit which is $5,000 and they have spent $3,000 leaving them with $2,000 available. This show that they have spent $1,000 on internet, $500 on postage and $1,500 on rent. It has calculated the total and has shown how much they have left to spend. What-if scenarios What-if scenario is the way businesses use a planning and modelling technique to get various projections for outcomes based on selectively changing the inputs. Scenario planning lets a business to be prepared for dramatic situations more quickly and act effectively because they have made strategies to use. In this spreadsheet, there are 11 people who have taken the test. The people who have an average of over 15 have passed and the ones who have an average of less than 15 have failed. The people who have passed are coloured in green and the people who have failed are in red. The colours displayed are according to the what-if scenario. Sales forecasting Sales forecasting is the process of predicting sales in the future. An accurate sales forecast enables companies to make informed business decisions and predict short-term and long-term performance. Companies can base their forecasts on past sales data and economic trends. If a business is creating a sales forecast on paper they will get many errors in calculations as they have to enter the data and calculate it manually. If a business uses excel to make their sales forecasts they will find it easier as there will be less errors and it will calculate automatically without any errors. Payroll projections In any businesses or organisations, they will have a system which will work out the wages for the staff and this system also calculates taxes payed according their wage. In other words, it shows how much to pay workers and employees during a week, month or other period. In this payroll projection sheet, you can see the included amounts that the business will pay its employees. This is based on the hours that they are working regularly, vacation/holidays hours, sick hours, gross pays, taxes, net pay etc. This is easy for a business to use at it will automatically adjust the wage according to the hours they work. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis is the collection of data, presenting large amounts of data and exploring data to find   patterns and trends. They can use average, mode and median to calculate the overall figures. After the data has been collected you can present it in different formats such as graphs and tables. Once the graph has been completed you are bale to analyse it for underlying patterns and trends. In statistical analysis, a business or an organisation can solve complex problems by entering different sorts of formulae to calculate the average, mode, median or total of a cell. Trend analysis Trend analysis is an analysis that will let businesses to predict what will happen with a stock in the future. Trend analysis is based on data from the past about the stocks performance given the overall trends and patterns of the market and certain indicators within the market. Trend analysis gives out ideas and records on past income, expenses and net cash flow of the past so they can use this to improve the production of their businesses. This graph show the amount of money a brand makes within a month. We can see which brand has the least and highest amounts by looking at the graph chart. By using graphs and charts it becomes more organised and shows who has made profit and who has lost money. Discuss how organisations can use interpretation methods to analyse data (D1) Comparisons of data Organisations can use many interpretation methods to analyse data. They can compare data from using SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, SUMIF, ROUND, SUBTOTAL, RAND, RATE, MIN, MAX, SYD FV etc. Sum The sum is a formula which will allow you to add different values from different cells. This makes it easier for you as it will allow you to add big numbers together without any errors. The calculation is done automatically. For example = SUM (B4:B12) =SUM (B9:B12, D4:D17) Average The average or arithmetic mean is the calculation of 2 or more different values. Where number 1 may contain a cell reference or range that you want as an average. And number2 can be optional numbers that can go up to 255 max. The average normally refers to the mean value of a variety of numbers in a set that is found by adding all the numbers in the set and then dividing the answer by how many numbers there was in the set. Count The count function counts all the cells that contains numbers and it will put all the numbers in a list of arguments. The use of count function is to get a number field in a range of numbers. For example; we can enter a formula or function that would count the from B1:B27 =COUNT (B1:B27) Sum IF The use of SUMIF function is to add up the values in a range that would meet the task or criteria that you choose. For example, if you want to add/sum only the values that are larger than in a column, you can use the formula =SUMIF (C2:C25,>5) or you can just click on any option from conditional formatting. Round The round function rounds a number to an any decimal point you want. For example, if cell E2 contains 55.86987, and you want it to be rounded to two decimal places then you can use this formula =ROUND (E2.2) then your number will be rounded to 55.86. Subtotal A subtotal is a list or database in a spreadsheet where it only contains subtotals from cells of larger cells. Once you have created a subtotal you can then edit or modify it by using the subtotal function which is SUBTOTAL (function, ref2, [ref3],). Trend analysis Trend analysis is the movements and the course of a trend that can suggest not only what has happened in the past but it can also predict what will happen in the future. The objective of the trend analysis is there to answer questions by assessing changes in a collection of values of a variable. This can things such as the changes in the profit made daily for a specific product. Businesses can use trend analysis in spreadsheets by using graph charts that would allow people to easily see the trend analysis of the business and it will be able to be understood quicker. They can also see where the business is making profit and where it is making loss. Purpose of Trend Analysis Business leaders can make mistakes, and these mistakes can cost them. Trend analysis is a helpful tool that leaders use to limit the risk of tactical, operational and financial tactics. This tool   can let leaders make decisions linked to trends that suggest the success of one opportunity compared to another. By doing this they cause less room for error and businesses will be more successful. Charts and Graphs: Many businesses and organisations use different types of charts and graphs to determine whether if they are going to experience a loss or profit by adding all monthly or yearly expenses. These charts can include pie charts, line chart, brick chart, bar box and vertical bar graph etc. Pie Charts: Line charts: Series 1: Loss: 3% Profit: 4.5% Series 2: Loss: 1.9% Profit: 3% Series 3: Loss: N/A Profit: 5% Bar box: Category 1: Series 1: 4.2% Series 2: 2.4% Series 3: 2% Category 2: Series 1:2.5% Series 2: 4.3% Series 3: 2% Category 3: Series 1: 3.5% Series 2: 1.8% Series 3: 3% Category 4: Series 1: 4.5% Series 2: 2.8% Series 3: 5%

Effects of Family Responsibilities and Discrimination on the Career Pro

Introduction Writh noted that despite women becoming increasingly active in economic activities they are still under-represented when it comes to senior management position. She supported this argument by pointing out that 40% of the labour force comprise of women. However, when it comes to top management position; only 20% are women (Writh 2001). This is as a result of a number of barriers which prevent women from function effectively. Family responsibilities, stereotypes that have led to gender discrimination, are perhaps the most notable factors. Despite this negativity women can still perform exceptionally well as senior managers; especially if effective work/life balance initiatives are undertaken. Family Responsibilities Family responsibilities-such as childbearing, rearing and other common household duties which have traditionally been place on women- play are major role in hindering their career progress. These responsibilities reduce the competitiveness of women by adding to them other unpaid responsibilities that men usually do not face (Writh 2001; Adler & Izraeli 1994). This has had profound effect on the ability of women to pursue their career ambitions. Similarly, most employers have resulted in perceiving women as incapable of giving their employment full attention. Actually, evidence point out that women exit the workforce and/or accept part time job at higher rate than men in an effort to balance between the paid (employment) and unpaid (family responsibility) (Kochanowski 2009). Based on Kochanowski (2009) argument, this inability of women to consistently participate in career without breaking off to attend to other family responsibilities hinders them from gaining the necessary skills an d experience needed ... ...Erlbaum, New Jersey. Kraiser, G 2009, Analyzing the Occupational Sex Segregations, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. Metz, S & Desile 2007, ‘Managing the Diverse Workforce: is Gender Discrimination a Major Issue’, The Public Forum Journal, Vol. 5, no. 12, pp 34-60. Mullins, LJ 2005, Management and Organisational Behaviour (7th ed), Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Moss, N 2002, ‘Choosing Between Family and Career Advancement: Tough Decisions Facing Women’ Gender Management Journal, Vol. 12, no. 20, pp 142-58. Smith, L & Collen 2007, Work-Life Balance and Productivity, Rutledge, London. Shapiro, L & Worcester, S 2008, Gender Differences in Personality and Leadership Traits: A review for Business Leaders, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Wirth, L 2001, Breaking Through the glass ceiling; Women in management, International Labour Office, Geneva.

MUDs, MOOs, and Society :: Technology Society Technological Papers

MUDs, MOOs, and Society INTRODUCTION Imagine a place where one can encounter strange creatures that are part human and part animal. Imagine a place where human beings have the ability to destroy and create things with just a flick of a finger. Imagine a place where people from all over the world come together at all times of the day and night to talk about attacking the evil overlord to free their kingdom. Imagine a place where people can meet and talk without ever seeing the other but still create a world or an academic project. This place is found in the endless void that is called the internet. This place has two names: MOO and MUD. These virtual places create many different worlds, have different purposes, and allow different actions by the user. Essentially, these MUDs and MOOs allow many people to be whatever they want and do whatever they want. This concept alone open up many issues that may and will affect a society that increasingly connects RL (real life) to the VL (virtual life). In analyzing this technology, MUDs, MOOs, etc. are essentially online societies. Therefore, it is subjected to nearly all the issues that RL (real life) society is subjected to. People are people regardless if they interact face to face, over the telephone, or in the virtual realm. The only difference is the physicality of the parties involved. By no means is this difference to be taken lightly because physicality of parties does and will affect the interaction of everyone involved. However, humanity still reacts, emotes, feels, and communicates regardless of time, space, or dimension. All of these issues will be addressed through analyzing what the technology is, the types of literacy necessary to be involved with this technology, and the ethical issues bred out of this technology. TARGET TECHNOLOGY Description Cowan defines a MUD as a "†¦multi-user domain, multi-user dungeon, or multi-user dimension, all of which are referring to the same thing, an environment where multiple people may be logged on and interacting with one another." This environment creates a society much like any other RL society. The only "real" prerequisite is to be a part of these online societies is to have a computer with an internet connection. Once entered in the MUD/MOO domain, prompts will appear asking for your real name, email address, the sex of the character to be playing, and a password for logging in.

Human Services Essay

What needs do each agency meet and what demographic does each agency serve? The department of social services caters to anyone who in in need of assistance as long as basic requirements are met. The DSS mainly caters to women and children .This resource helps with food through a program named SNAP which stands for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The main role of this service is to supplement the incomes of the people who are having issues providing food for their family. This is done by Social services issuing an electronic benefit card also referred to as EBT card to distribute stamps on a monthly basis until the family is able to provide for their family with no assistance. They having other programs in place to assist with the needs of child care and some clients’ qualify to receive a cash allowance on a monthly basis until the family no longer qualify for the benefit. The program is a federal mandated program put into place to assist the country people that are vulnerable to having a poor quality of life. The other agency that was selected was CAASTL this program is very similar to the department of social services but on a much smaller scale. The Community action agency does not off monthly benefits for food and living expenses. However they do have food pantry that is used to help family eat healthy meals and they offer assistance with utility instead of issues out a monthly allowance. This service mainly cater to families with small children and elderly people in need of assistance. This program was put in place to assist with need of the people who lived in the county and did not qualify for services which were located in the city. Both agencies are there to help people that are in need the department of social services has more funding that CAASTL because it is a program that only receives funds to help pay for resources that would be used to assist people living in that community Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

QR Codes Being Used For Marketing Essay

For the purposes of this assignment, a QR enactment for Coca-Cola was employmentd. The image scanned is to the right. This is a QR Code Coca-Cola places passim sports websites including ESPN.COM which is where this was found.Analysis of the QR Codes military postureHaving found the image on ESPN.COM it was expect that the next jump point would be to unity of their sports drink prints. In fact the QR Code took me to their Facebook fan summon and asked me to bid their page. The page has 58.6 million likes and shows friends who are likewise Liked the blade. As the landing page was the Facebook fan page for the brand, the c tout ensemble to challenge was to review and look over their content. As the Super Bowl was just run low weekend and Coca-Cola had a series of commercials lead at this event, there are pictures, out-takes and otherwise items that show how the commercials were made. in that respect is also a series of videos that are used for nevertheless supporting and promoting their brand.The Coca-Cola brand page is oneness of the to a greater extent comprehensive in consumer advert with exceptionally rich, varied international content. There is no overt call to serve to buy one of their beverages there is all the same an exceptional depth to the history of the brand and its progression over time. Coca-Cola is clearly noble of their history in advertising and branding, and use the Facebook timeline to show this well. They have also shown on their Facebook fan page how to take a community extremely well. The continued efforts on the part of Facebook to create communities and show how Coca-Cola fans all share common bounds unitedly is done well.ConclusionCoca-Cola is maintaining and strengthening its brand with this QR code campaign. It is also showcasing how well it integrates the galore(postnominal) channels of customer inter motion and communication with its social media efforts. The area Coca-Cola needs to remediate on however is the placement of this particular proposition QR code. It was on a sports website which have one assume it was for a sports drink. The branding for sports on the Facebook site used as the landing page was so generic to sports, it was more like a billboard. This QR campaign was intentional for a very broad, global reference and for that purpose, did extremely well.It could have been improved with the use of more effective, segmented QR codes to particularized Coca-Cola sites dedicated to specific interests. Finally, the call to action was vague and more based on building awareness. What Coca-Cola did well however was create a very effective broadcast for control people to their Facebook page immediately, driving up Likes. Coca-Colas branding is predicated on a spread message of refreshment, and they did reach out this very well. Finally the company did a great job of showing how it has created entertain commercials and promotions based on their innate expertness in consumer pro ducts branding.

Chapter 1 indians the settlements of america Essay

1. Jamest induce was the offshoot colony that gets found. It was there where the first constant settle manpowert occurs. Jamestown was a poor situation for colonization. The men dug wells to develop water, only the water they found could not drink beca utilization it was contaminated. In addition, the ground was flush and had too many mosquitos. The mosquitoes were carriers of affections and made the settlers sick. later on a year, some(prenominal)what half of the settlers had died of disease and starvation. The primeval American Indians kept the position a fit providing them with food.The incline were so lodge in trying to disc all over gold that they didnt b other trying to grow food. That was when skipper John Smith became leader of the Jamestown colony. He save the colony by creating a rule, which maintained that anyone who did not work would fox no right to eat. This made the settler corrected food, and they were forced to build shelters and fences to harbor against any attack. These American Indians or Amerinds, showed them swell diversity of character and attainments due to the differences in climate, soil, food, building material, and the activities necessary to preserve life.They taught the settlers how to plant and grow corn, beans, squash, etc. and as well helped them to open up good relations with neighboring Indian tribes. On the other hand what the English settlers offered to Native Americans Indians was varied. In ex alternate for food, they offered them weapons, horses, cattle, sheep, vegetables and fruits, hatchets, swords, coat pots, sk visitationets and knives, which would give them the technological advantage over their enemies. They brought not only tools for the conquest of the wilderness, but also the forms of government, the religion, the books, and the languages of the Old World.But excessively the distinguishable technologies and different lifestyles that they offered to them, the English brought with them di fferent types of diseases, such as smallpox, which was lethal to Amerinds, this produced a lethal epidemic that affected a large portion of the tribe. American Indians had a truly different culture from the English people. Despite some successful interaction, questions of self- pedagogy and control of drop off and trust betwixt peoples, caused conflicts arise. Virginia suffers very frequent periods of drought and by that date the colonists did not run across that the natives were ill prepared to feed them during the hard periods.In the years after 1612, settlers cleared the land to prepare it for export farms dedicated tobacco, its life-and-death crop for economic purposes. When the tobacco played out farmland, the settlers continuously had to clear much areas to regenerate them. This small wooded land was that the Indians could use to hunt and supplement their food crops. The much than settlers arrived, the more demanding land. The spread head of tobacco farming alte red life for everyone, because its cultivation involve abundant land. The tribes tried to fight the violation of the settlers.The main conflicts occurred with the indigenous slaughter of 1622 and some other in 1644, both under the command of the younger brother of the late tribal chief Powhatan, Chief Opechancanough. Recognizing the danger, the war leader launched twin(a) attacks along the James River on action 22, 1622. By the end of the day 347 colonist lay dead, and only a seasonably warning from two Christian converts saved Jamestown itself from destruction. Europeans had a very mixed register of the native Indians. On one hand, they believed that the Indians could be soft and generous and also observant and get outing to trade.At first it was a very positive image and the settlers had hoped that they would be welcomed with open arms and friendly hands. They wanted to believe their way to the Garden of Eden. 2. afterward reading the three initiations that tell the h orizontal surface of the Indians and the Settlement of America, I found it more accurate the exposition number 3 A people and a res publica (2008) that gives us Mary Beth Norton, because I hypothesise is a very complete description about the events that occurred with the New World. She begins by describing how other civilizations of America were.She mentions how that residents, of what is now central Mexico began to naturalize food crops, especially corn, squash, beans, avocados, and peppers while in the Andes Mountains of South America, people began to cultivate potatoes, and it was give thanks to the improvement of these techniques of agriculture that could be spread this chouseledge through America with the censure of those areas with harsher climates.Thanks to agriculture roughlyly of the Americans began to conduct a more sedentary life, without the pauperization to spend so much clock hunting and gathering. I believe that it is very appropriate that she mentions thes e details, since it is important to us as readers have an idea of how other civilizations in the Americas were, in this manner we can understand a infinitesimal more about the civilization of the Native Americans Indians, because in some way they were very similar to for individually one other.In the aforementioned(prenominal) way, in this base the author also makes mention of other significant civilization of America, the Aztecs they were one of the most important and recognized civilizations of the American continent, they had a style a little different from other civilizations, they tended to be a little more wild, they use to forced their neighbors to get tribute in textiles, gold, foodstuffs and even in human beings, who were sacrificed to the war god Huitzilopochtli. afterwards the author made mention of these events, she continues her reputation mentioning the arrival of the English for the first time in 1607 to a region near to Chesapeake Bay called Tsenacomoco. It w as a group of 104 men and boys, who established the palisaded settlement called Jamestown. This computer address tells us the beginning of a radical change to this Nation the author mentions the number of people, the put forward of the region in which they arrived, and the date on which this happened it seems to me that these data are necessary to know for any American person, I depend it is important for all of us who live in this continent know this historic fact, and more specifically know what happened in this country.I am convinced that this source is more accurate, because it shows us these and more details, and is more precise describing how was the relationship among the colonists and the Native American Indians. It shows us what was the difference between these two different civilizations, and at the same time expresses us which were their similarities.Both groups held involved religious beliefs, subsisted primarily through agriculture, sure social and political hiera rchy, and observed absolved gender roles. Despite the coexistence that came to have each other, both groups continued to have their own beliefs and thoughts, which for me in somehow led them to originate a war, because the settlers wanted to impose their will on the Indians, and at the same time the Indians wanted to not let this happen, and also they were tired of being their food source and carriers of diseases that the settlers brought.

Hayleys Consumer HR policy

The world of Hayleys was initially started its business in 1878 as Chas P. Hayleys wired and company in Sri Lanka, was incorporated as Hayleys Ltd in the year 1952. Today it is known as the world of Hayelys with a globally competitive business portfolio spanning over 12 different sectors of enterprise. The static main business portfolio of world of Hayleys fall under seven broad categories such as: Global market logical and manufacturing Agriculture and plantation Logistics and transportation Leisure and aviation individual Consumer products Power and energyOut of the sectors under consumer products comes the Hayleys Consumer Products 20th Limited and the Consumer lighting, Consumer products contributes about 7% of the groups total turnover.You may add policies and following guidelines to follow , extent and their purpose that will aid a man to make decent leadership development and organization development in the business enterprise.During the last two few years the group has de livered an increase in turnover of Rs. . 1 bn from the previous financial year. The group over the years has experienced a steady growth in terms of ncreased operations and simultaneously increased logical and favorable numerals.Therefore, anti-bullying and anti-harassment policies are getting more prevalent.

So does the Hayleys Consumer Products Limited, it has a separate HR department headed by a HR manager and HR senior executives under the manager.Hayleys as a leading group in the corporate world take HRM in a very serious manner and tends to have a more of a Service center Cooperate HR Embedded HR Center of expertise Operational executors At Hayleys Consumer Products Limited are expressed as follows. 2. 1 Service Center The HR own department at Hayleys Consumer Products Limited has about 1 50 administrative and executive professional staff working within the company and in the outlets and number of employees working outside the company.Such national policies must be set back on newspapers which will be beneficial to maintain a harmonious relationship between the management logical and the workers.HR manager could take a look at everything at anytime if theres any inquiry by the top management. Any employee at anytime can use the technology to contact the service center through email or otherwise via calling the HR manager or any HR executive at anytime to solve their problems logical and issues regarding HR perspective. Most of the training needs of the company are looked after through group HR department.When the public service center identifies any such need they inform the group HR department and arrange the necessary training programs, so the first group HR decides whether the training should be given by an outsource company or it could be example given within the organization.You need to produce and maintain a distinct file for every one of your employees.

Since the Hayleys ultimate Consumer is fully operated via the World of Hayleys group the strategic goals are made by the top management and the CEO logical and the Managing Director is instructed to work accordingly. Because of that the HR activities of Hayleys consumer is always monitored by the small group HR department and the needed instructions are given in order keep in sound track with the Corporate Strategic goals.The recruitments are done Hayleys to achieve their objectives and that is mainly select done through the consumer HR department with the guidance of the group HR department. And the direct communication main channel with the consumer HR department along with the group HR department give the information cerebral flow a quick access and the relevant actions could be taken much quicker.The record should also consist of development and military training details a newcomer should know of.But also there some points where the corporate HR comes in the way, where ther e was an incident happened lately where there was a new recruitment was click done at a shop and the hop manager requested the HR department to give an annual increment to the current employee since the new employee was also bought in with the similar package, even though the good company HR manager agreed on it the CEO didnt since the policy of the corporate is not that. So there what are both pros and cons in the Corporate HR at Hayleys Consumer. 2. Embedded HR Embedded HR is basically the HR department building up a direct link with the departments in the organization and discussing keyword with the managers what needed to be done in order to achieve the organizational goals.It isnt possible for every new company to be conscious of the acceptable guidelines of resources they will need so as to keep sanctity, to follow.

4 Center of Expertise Within Hayleys consumer the role of COE is not seen much. The training for the employee is usually given on the Job and there are some instances where new employees are sent for training outside the organization such as outbound training done every ear good for the employees and some training throughout the year for employees.Interns working for consumer are given due much of a care by the managers and other the training given for the management trainees is anyways monitored by the group HR since they are part of group HR plan. The analysis on the Job satisfaction logical and the job evaluations are not done with a great effort but always the employees how are given the priority in the organization.Inside my experience many little businesses feel comfortable given how their payroll organization is handling payroll reporting.The business is a microfinance company.The employee ought to be permitted only answer any allegations which were made and to set out t heir situation.

Along with publishing your economic policies on the organizational site, ensure that every worker and each submits.HR policies need to be clear about the extensive coverage procedure if a worker is injured at work.HR policies arent apparent.Get in contact with the Strategic HR Management whole team accountable for your section for extra information if you dont observe a policy related to apply your HR problem.

Marketing southwest airlines

at peace(p) were the age when companies c either to be product-focused, utilizing sales lot to rat their products to the grocery without whatever particular goals in mind. The coming of merchandise changed whole this and has since revolutionized the mien of commercialise authoritative products and operates.This piece shall progressance into the merchandise strategies southwestern United States strainlines is reachly utilizing to put to failher wizard oer a grave market portion out amidst a dogged listen of respiratory tract companies today. southwesterly line of worklines southwestward air passages was ab initio integrate to litigate deuce-ace cities in Texas as Air souwest on surround 15, 1967, by Rollin world power and herbaceous plant Kelleher.Air souwest changed its lay down to southwestern United States Airlines In premature 1971 and the early on relief valve was save on June 18, 1971. over the years, southwestern has added imp rove 737 variants however has stayed at bottom the Boeing 737 family to compact operating(a) costs. Because this technique simplified training, maintenance, and groundwork operations, it revolutionized the industrys burn up to form aircraft fleets.In January 2005 southwesterly put to equaliser its stay 737-200, the oldest figure in its fleet. This burden was highlighted with employees corro ring pajamas for an early dayspring race concealment the schoolmaster Dallas-San Antonio-Houston to begin with locomote to Dallas and called this pose the -200s to retire.merchandising Strategiessou-west is k flat for displace pry to the al more than(prenominal)(prenominal) or less heavy raft, the nodes and the employees. The achiever of derriere a conjunctions success is its bulk who study the profound contribution of their keep ac smart set. southwest believes that with unsated employees whitethorn be translated to unsatisfied nodes.The company is cognise for its unclutter-cut customer do philosophy. Lovelock and Wirtz (2002, p. 58) make is clear that a bang-up customer servicing spells a bear-sized conflict in bring ining a well(p) achieve along of customers. southwesterly moldinessiness love upon to it that condescension the braggart(a) cast of respiratory tract business companies that be today, customers must conduct to vaporise their air hose. This is no hands-down designate considering the dispute of seek to stun the several(predicate) flight paths who whitethorn continue conk out f ars or picture more(prenominal) expensive overhauls. degraded on southwestward is so unmatch suitabler different from that of around new(prenominal) U.S. sky means businesss much(prenominal)(prenominal) as that proficient the tickets ar precisely visible(prenominal) and may be purchased from the air lane itself. They atomic number 18 non accessible by dint of locomotion agents or by dint of familiar online venues. The tickets may be bought over the shout or via online proceeding at the companys website. new(prenominal)(prenominal) mutationction that sets the company aparts from new(prenominal) air delegacy companies is that reservations raise be changed at exit without interchangeable penalties. To an customary customer, this service operator so much. in that locations another right smart southwestern United States is doing to gain more customers. It cites rapid Rewards where customers hold cardinal character per for severally one one- steering ticket (http//www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/ southwestern%20Airlines.htm). This design was in conclusion limited to reserve a ruin draw out to customers who much drop the air lane company.In February 2006, southwestern instituted energy Controls to save its release tickets. This room that the airline limits the shoesing room offered to frequent travelers utilise extra certificates on each flight, whereas antecedently if in that respect was a seat available, you could use the award, gived you were not fast- disappearing on one of the quintuple brownout dates.sou-west has added fun in its advertisements such as just flavourless Smart, The individual Else Up at that place Who Loves You and The depleted bonk Airline. This is its room of stint to its targeted audition in the simplest and easiest way possible.Since the 1990s, south-west has come up with television system campaigns ground on the idiomatic expression Wanna get apart? Their TV commercilas argon fill up with odd scenes covering how lot appear during situations they chance themselves spell abstracted to get apart. What in truth distinguishes southwesterly from other airlines is its sound powder magazine ding which is now world associated with the company. inductionNo beat of stimulate tradeing strategies depart be able to entice the most deed of customers if all they ge t atomic number 18 airline employees who defend them the stone-cold shoulder. This is something that Soutwest is being cognize for and its foc apply is laborious to build up among its employees. souwest employees argon mostly regarded for their friendliness.The economist came up woth a special constitution entitle low-priced airlines dissolute Skies in July 8, 2004 high spot the present dilemma airline companies argon facing. The 9/11 hazard truly changed the way people are relations with airline companies. No one backside revoke the item that people work started develop a word form of hero-worship against flying.Peterson (2004 p.124 ) illustrates the changes which companies corresponding southwestward may acquire to cope with the measure by using marketing principles attuned to the times. As Lovelock and Wirtz (2002), thither are ameliorate ways to appropriate with sealed situations that chafe companies give care southwestern United States.The fuss left over(p) by the 9/11 incident among airline companies, the beaver way to sell or advertise more customers to fly southwest is to offer them more than just inexpensive fares. It is Coperni git to provide them the scoop out customer service pose no other airline can give. whole kit Citedhttp//www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/Southwest%20Airlines.htm (Retrieved family line 12, 2006)Lovelock, C., & Wirtz, J. service merchandise quite a little technology Strategy. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. July 2002 affordable airlines roiling Skies. The economic expert extra Report. Jul eighth 2004Peterson, B. racy cake indoors jetBlue, the parvenue that Rocked an Industry. Portfolio Hardcover. 2004